Identifican en Brasil un factor que eleva el contagio de la cepa británica del Covid
Río de Janeiro, 5 ene (EFE).– Un grupo de investigadores brasileños identificó uno de los factores que eleva el potencial de contagio de la cepa británica del covid-19, que es en un 70 % más infecciosa que otras variantes, informó este martes la Fundación de Apoyo a la Investigación en el Estado de Sao Paulo (Fapesp).
Los investigadores brasileños constataron que la proteína spike de la nueva cepa, que es la que forma la estructura de la corona que da el nombre a la familia de los coronavirus, tiene una mayor fuerza de interacción molecular con el receptor ACE2, presente en la superficie de las células humanas y con el que el SARS-CoV-2 se conecta para dar inicio a la infección.
“El aumento en la fuerza de interacción molecular del nuevo linaje es causado por una mutación ya identificada en el residuo de aminoácido 501 de la proteína spike del SARS-CoV-2 llamada N501Y, que dio origen a la nueva variante del virus”, explicó la Fapesp en una nota publicada en su portal.
El descubrimiento fue hecho por investigadores de la Universidad de Sao Paulo (USP) en un estudio financiado por la Fapesp y cuyos resultados fueron publicados este martes en la plataforma científica internacional bioRxiv en un artículo que aún no fue revisado por otros científicos.
La llamada variante británica, bautizada como B.1.1.7, ya ha sido registrada en una veintena de países -incluyendo dos casos en Brasil- y se caracteriza por una mutación que afecta la forma como el virus se fija en las células humanas, lo que la hace mucho más contagiosa.
“Constatamos que la interacción entre la proteína spike de la nueva cepa con la mutación N501Y es mucho mayor que la presentada por el primer linaje del virus que fue aislado en Wuhan (China)”, aseguró Geraldo Aleixo Passos, investigador de la USP y uno de los responsables del estudio.
“Hay otras mutaciones en el genoma del nuevo linaje que no analizamos. Nos concentramos en la N501Y debido a que ella está implicada en la conexión de la proteína spike con el ACE2”, agregó Passos.
Pruebas con estructuras de la proteína
Para confirmar su hipótesis, los investigadores realizaron pruebas con estructuras de la proteína spike del coronavirus aislado en Wuhan y con las de la presente en la cepa británica, así como análisis con el software de dominio público PyMOL.
“Los resultados de los análisis mostraron que la mutación en la proteína de la nueva variante establece una mayor interacción con el receptor ACE2 en comparación con la cepa aislada en Wuhan”, explicó la Fapesp.
“La suma de varias conexiones débiles entre la proteína spike mutante con el receptor ACE2 humano resultó en interacciones moleculares más fuertes, que permiten que el virus penetre con más facilidad en las células y deflagre el sistema de replicación”, afirmó Passos.
El estudio también reveló que la mutación N501Y provoca una alteración en la distribución de los espacios entre los residuos de aminoácidos de la proteína spike, lo que le permite una mayor interacción con los receptores en la célula humana.
Pese a que ha generado alarma en países como Reino Unido por su alta capacidad de contagio, hasta ahora no hay evidencia de que la cepa británica provoque casos más graves de la enfermedad, que eleve la tasa de mortalidad del virus o que sea resistente a las vacunas ya existentes.
Brasil, uno de los países más afectados por la pandemia, identificó la semana pasada sus dos primeros infectados con la cepa británica.
Brasil es el segundo país con más muertes por la covid-19 en el mundo después de Estados Unidos, con cerca de 200.000 fallecimientos, y el tercero con más casos después de Estados Unidos e India, con casi 7,8 millones de contagios.
Foto: Agencia EFE
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